DIVAH  SPRIK LawNotes 

Q

Quae ab hostibus capiuntur, statim capientiumfiunt. Things taken from public enemies immediately become the property of the captors.

Quae ab initio inutilisfuit institutio, expostfacto convalescere non potest. An institution void in the beginning cannot acquire validity by a subsequent act.

Quae ab initio non valent, expostfacto convalescere non possunt. Things invalid from the beginning cannot be made valid by a subsequent act.

Quae accessionum locum obtinent, extinguuntur cum pnincipales resperemptaefuenint. When the principal is extinguished, those things that are accessory to it are also extinguished. Dig. 33.8.2.

Quae ad omnes pertinent omnes debent tractare. Those things which pertain to all should be exercised by all.

Quae ad unumfinem locuta sunt, non debent ad alium detorqueri. What speaks to one purpose ought not to be twisted to another.

Quae cohaerent personae a persona separani nequeunt. Things that belong to the person cannot be separated from the person.

Quae communi legi derogant stnicte interpretantur. (Statutes) that derogate from the common law should be strictly construed.

Quae contra rationem junis introducta sunt, non debent trahi in consequentiam. Things introduced contrary to the reason of the law ought not to be drawn into precedents. • “We do find divers precedents. . . which re utterly against law and reason and for that void.” 12 Coke 75.

Quae cum omnibus semper una atque eadem voce loquerentur leges inventae sunt. Laws are so designed that they may always speak with one and the same voice to all.

Quaecunque intra rationem legis inveniuntur, intra legem ipsam essejudicantur. Whatever appears within the reason of the law is considered within the law itself.

Quaecunque lex vuitfieri non vultfrusfrafieri. Whatever the law wishes done, it wishes not to be done in vain.

Quaedam etsi honeste accipiantur inhoneste tamenpetuntur. Certain things can be honorably-accepted but cannot honorably be asked for. Dig. 50.13 pr. 1.5.

Quaedam in majus malum vitandum permittet lex quae tamen nequaquam pro bet. The law will allow certain things of which it may not at all approve, in avoidance of greater evil.

Quae dubitationis causa tollendae inseruntur communem legem non laedunt. Whatever is inserted for the purpose of removing doubt does not hurt the common law.

Quae dub itationis tollendae causa contractibus inserunturjus commune non laedunt. What is inserted in contracts for the sake of removing doubt does not offend the common law.

Quae ex hostibus capimusjure gentium statim nostra fiunt. Things that we take from an enemy belong to us immediately, by the law of nations. Just. Inst. 2.1.16.

Quae incontinenti (vel certo)fiunt inesse videntur. Things that are done immediately (or with certainty) are considered part of the same transaction. Co. Litt. 236b.

Quae in curia acta sunt rite agi praesumuntur. What is done in court is presumed to be rightly done.

Quae in curia regis acta sunt rite agi praesumuntur. Things that are done in the king’s court are presumed to be righily done.

Quae in partes dividi nequeunt solida a singulispraestantur. Things (such as services) that cannot be divided into parts are rendered entire by each severally.

Quae inter alios acta sunt nemini nocere debent, sed prodessepossunt. Transactions between others can benefit, but should not injure, anyone who is not party to them.

Quae in testamento ita suntscripta ut intelligi non possint, perinde sunt ac si scripta non essent. Things that are so written in a will that they cannot be understood are as if they had not been written.

Quae legi communi derogant non sunt trahenda in exernplum. Things that derogate (or detract) from the common law are not to be drawn into precedent.

Quae legi communi derogantstricte interpretantur. Things that derogate (or detract) from the common law are construed strictly.

Quaelibet concessio domini regis capi debet stricte contra dominum regem, quandopotest intelligi duabus viis. Every grant of our lord the king ought to be taken strictly against our lord the king, when it can be understood in two ways.

Quaelibet concessiofortissime contra donatorem interpretanda est. Every grant is to be construed most strongly against the grantor.

Quaelibetjurisdictio cancellos suos habet. Every jurisdiction has its boundaries.

Quaelibet narratio super brevi locari debet in comitatu in quo breve emanavit. Every count upon the writ ought to be laid in the county in which the writ arose.

Quaelibetpardonatio debet capi secundum intentionem regis, et non ad deceptionem regis. Every pardon ought to be taken according to the intention of the king, nd not to his deception.

Quaelibetpoena corporalis, quamvis minima, major est quahbetpoenapecuniaria. Every corporal punishment, although the very least, is greater than any pecuniary punishment.

Quae mala sunt inchoata inprincipio vix bonoperaguntur exitu. Things bad in the commencement seldom end well.

Quae non fieri debent,facta valent. Things that ought not to be done are held valid when they have been done.

Quae non valeant singula, juncta juvant. Things that may not avail individually have effect when united.

Quaepraeter consuetudinem et morem majorumfiunt, neque placent neque recta videntur. What is done contrary to the custom and usage of our ancestors neither pleases nor is considered right.

Quaepropter necessita tern recepta sunt, non debent in argumentum trahi. Things that are accepted as a matter of necessity ought not to be brought into the argument. Dig. 50,17.162.

Quaeras de dubiis, legem bene discere si ViS. Inquire into doubtful points if you wish to understand the law well.

Quacre de dubiis, quia per rationes pervenitur ad legitimam rationem. Inquire into doubtful points, because through reasoning we arrive at legal reason.

Quaerere dat sapere quae sunt legitima vere. To investigate is the way to know what things are truly lawful.

Quae rerum natura prohibentur nulla lege confirmata sunt. What is prohibited by the nature of things can be confirmed by no law.

Quneritur, Ut crescant tot magna volumina legis? In promptu causa est, crescit in orbe dolus. It is asked, how so many great (law) volumes grow? The explanation is plain: because fraud grows great in the world. 

Quae singula non prosunt, juncta juvant. Things that are of no advantage individually are helpful when taken together.

Quaestiofitde legibus, non depersonis. The question is about the laws, and not about the persons.

Quae sunt minoris culpae sunt majorii infamiae. Offenses that are of lesser guilt are of greater infamy.

Quae sunt temporalia ad agenduni suntperpetua ad excipiendum. Things that afford a ground of action, if raised within a certain time, may be pleaded at any time by way of exception.

Qualitas quae inesse debet,facilepraesurnitur. A quality that ought to be inherent is easily presumed.

Quam legem exteri nobisposuere eandem illisponemus. The same law that foreign nations have put upon us we will impose upon them. 1 Bl. Corn. 252.

Quam longum debet esse rationabile tempus, non definitur in lege, sed pendet ex discretione justiciariorum. How long a time should be “reasonable” the law does not define; it depends on the discretion of the judges.

Quam quisque novit artem in hoc se exerceat. Let every man employ himself in the pursuit in which he is proficient.

Quarn rationabilis debet essefinis, non definitur, sed omnibus circumstantiis inspectis pendet exjusticiariorum discretione. How reasonable a fine should be is not defined, hut depends on the discretion of the judges, after all the circumstances have been considered.

Quamvis aliquid per se non sit malum, tamen si sit mali exempli, non estfaciendum. Although in itself a thing may not be bad, yet if it serves as a bad example, it is not to be done.

Quamvis lexgeneraliter loquitur restringenda tamen est, ut cessante ratione et ipsa cessat. Though the law speaks generally, it must be limited (by restrictive clauses), as, where the reason (for the law) ceases to apply, the law itself ceases. 

Quamvis quis pro contumacia etfuga utlagetur, non propter hoc convictus est defactoprincipali. Though a person may be outlawed for contempt and flight, he is not on that account convicted of the principal fact.

Quando abestprovisio partis, adestprovisio legis. When the provision of the party is wanting, the provision of the law is at hand.

Quando aliquid conceditur, conceditur id sine quo illud fieri non possit. When anything is granted, that also is granted without which it cannot take effect.

Quando aliquid mandatur, mandatur et omne per quod pervenitur ad illud. When anything is commanded, everything by which it can be accomplished is also commanded.

Quando aliquid perse non sit malum, tamen si sit mall exempli, non estfaciendum. When anything by itself is not evil, and yet if it is an example for evil, it is not to be done.

Quando aliquid pro hi betur ex directo, prohibetur etper obliquum. When anything is prohibited directly, it is also prohibited indirectly.

Quando aliquidprohibetur, prohibetur omne per quod devenitur ad illud. When anything is prohibited, everything by which it is arrived at is prohibited.

Quando aliquis aliquid concedit, concedere videtur et Id sine quo res uti non potest. When a person grants a thing, he is supposed to grant that also without which the thing cannot be used.

Quando charta continetgeneralem clausulam, posteaque descend it ad verba specialia quae clausulae generali sunt consentanea, interpretanda est charta secundum verba specialia. When a deed contains a general clause, and afterwards descends to special words that are consistent with the general clause, the deed is to be construed according to the special words.

Quando de una et eadem re, duo onerabiles existunt, unus, pro insufficientia alterius, de integro onerabitur. When two persons are liable concerning one and the same thing, if one makes default, the other must bear the whole liability.

Quando dispositio referri potest ad duas res, ita quod Secundum relationem unam vitiaturetsecundum alteram utilis sit, turn facienda est relatio ad illam Ut val eat dispositio. When a disposition can refer to two matters, so that according to one reference it would bevoid and by another it would be effective, reference must be made to the latter, so that the disposition may take effect.

Quando diversi desiderantur actus ad aliquem statum perficiendum, plus respicit lex actum originalem. When different acts are required to the formation of any estate, the law chiefly regards the original act.

Quando duo jura concurrunt in una persona, aequum est ac si essent in diversis. When two rights run together in one person, it is the same as if they were in separate persons.

Quandojus domini regis et subditi concurrunt, jus regis praefrrri debet. When the right of the sovereign king and of the subject run together (or clash), the right of the king ought to be preferred.

Quando lex aliquid alicui concedit, concedere videtur id sine quo res ipsa esse non potest. When the law grants anything to anyone, it is considered to grant that without which the thing itself cannot be (the sine qua non). 5 Coke 47.

Quando lex aliquid alicui concedit, omnia incidentia tacite conceduntur. When the law gives anything to anyone, it gives tacitly all that is incident to it.

Quando lex est specialis, ratio autem generalis, general her lex est intelligenda. When the law is special, but its reason is general, the law is to be understood generally.

Quando licit Id quod majus, videtur licere idquod minus. When the greater is allowed, the lesser is considered to be allowed also.

Quando plus fit quamfieri debet, videtur etiam illudfieri quodfaciendum est. When more is done than ought to be done, that at least, is considered as performed that should have been performed.

Quando quod ago non valet ut ago, val eat quantum valere potest. When what I do does not have effect as I do it, let it have as much effect as it can.

Quando res non valet ut ago, valeat quantum valerepotest. When the thing is of no force as I do it, let it have as much as it can have.

Quando verba et mens congruunt, non est interpretationi locus. When the words and the mind agree, there is no room for interpretation.

Quando verba statuti sunt specialia, ratio autem generalis, generaliter stat utum cst intelligendum. When the words of a statute are special, but the reason for it general, the statute is to be construed generally.

Quanto gradu unusquisque eoruni distat stirpite, eodem distat inter se. In what degree each person is removed from the stock, to the same degree are they removed each from each other.

Quemadmodum ad quaestionemfacti non respondentjudices, ita ad quaestionemjuris non respondent juratores. In the same manner that judges do not answer questions of fact, so jurors do not answer questions of law.

Quem sequuntur commoda eundem et incommoda se. quuntur. One to whom the advantages accrue, the disadvantages also follow.

Qui abjurat regnum amittit regnum, sed non regem; patriam, sed non pat rem patriae. One who abjures the kingdom leaves the kingdom, but not the king. (leaves) the fatherland, but not the father of the fatherland. 

Qui accusat integraefamae sit et non criminosus. Let the one who accuses be of honest reputation and not implicated in a crime.

Qui acquirit sibi acquirit haeredibus. A person who acquires for himself acquires for his heirs.

Qui adimit medium dirimitfinem. A person who takes away the means destroys the end.

Qui alienas res negligenter perdit aut vi vel dolo malo aufert, suas amitt Ito. Whoever negligently ruins another man’s property, or takes it away by force or fraud, let him lose his own (of equal value).

Qui aliquid statueritparte inaudita altera, aequum licet dixerit, haud aequumfecerit. One who has decided anything without hearing the other party, even though he has said what is right, has done wrong.

Qui alteriusjure utitur, eodem jure uti debet. A person who uses the right of another ought to use the same right.

Qui alterum incusat ne in eodem saltem genere sit incusandus. If one man is to accuse another, at the least he must not be subject to accusations of the same kind.

Qui animopeccandi aliquidfacit, videturpeccasse ab mitio. He who does anything with the intention of transgressing, seems to have transgressed from the beginning.

Qui bene distinguit bene docet. One who distinguishes well teaches well.

Qui beneficium legis extra ordinem quacrit, puras manus afferto. Whosoever seeks the benefit of the law outside the ordinary course, let him bring to bear pure hands.

Qui bene interrogat bene docet. One who questions well teaches well.

Qui bonis viris pauperibus dat legi bus opitulatur; qui malis et inertibus segetem malorumfovet et legum opprobrium. One who assists good poor people assists the laws; one who assists the wicked and the lazy fosters a crop of evils and disrespect of the laws.

Qui cadit a syllaba cadit a tota causa. One who fails in a syllable fails in his whole cause.

Qui causa decedit causa cadit. One who departs from’his cause loses his case.

Qui concedit aliquid, concedere videtur et id sine quo res ipsa esse non potuit (sine quo concessio est irrita). A person who grants anything is considered as granting that without which the thing itself could not be (without which the grant is invalid). • More precisely, Cuicunque aliquis quid concedit (q.v.).  The maxim is sometimes written.

Qui concedit aliquid concedere videtur et id sine quo concessio est irrita, sine quo res ipsa esse non potuft (meaning). he who concedes anything is considered as conceding that without which his concessionwouldbe of no effect, without which the thing itself could not exist”).

Qui confirinat nihil dat. A person who confirms gives nothing.

Qui contemnit praeèeptum, contemnitpraecipientem. A person who shows contempt for the precept shows contempt for the author (or advocate) or it.

Quic quid acquiritur servo, acquiritur domino. Whatever is acquired by the servant is acquired for the master.

Quicquid demonstratae ref additur satis demonstratae frustra eat. Whatever is added to the description of a thing already sufficiently described is of no effect.

Quicquid est contra normam recti est injuria. Whatever is against the rule of right is a wrong.

Quicquid in excessu actum eat, legeprohibetur. Whatever is done in excess is prohibited by law.

Quicquidjudicis auctoritati subjicitur, novitati non subjicitur. Whatever is subject to the authority of a judge is not subject to innovation.

Quic quid per se malum est, id leges omnibus vetant. Whatever is bad in itself, that the law forbids to all.

Quicquid plantatur solo, solo cedit. Whatever is affixed to the soil belongs to it.

Quic quid recipitur, recipitur secundum modum recipientis. Whatever is received is received according to the direction of the recipient.

Quic quid solvitur, solvitur secundum modum solventis. Whatever is paid is paid according to the direction of the payer.

Qui cum alio contra hit, vel est vet debet ease non ignarus conditionis ejus. A party who contracts with another either is or ought to be cognizant of that party’s condition. Otherwise, he is not excusable. 

Quicunque aliquid statuerit parte inaudita altera, aequum licet statuerit, haud aequusfuerit. Whoever has decided anything without hearing the other side, (even) suppose the decision prove just, has hardly been just. 

Quicunquejussujudicis aliquidfecerit non videtur dolo malofecisse, quiaparere necesse eat. Whoever does anything by command of a judge is not reckoned to have done it with evil intent, because it is necessary to obey.

Qui datfinem dat media adfinem necessaria. A person who gives an end gives the necessary means to that end.

Qui dat pauperibus Deo dat. He gives to God who gives to the poor.

Qui destruit medium destruitfinem. A person who destroys the means destroys the end.

Quid leges sine mon bus vanae proficiunt. What good do laws do, (if they are) empty of moral character? Horace, Odes 3.24.

Qui doff inheriter at pére, doit inheriter alfitz. One who ought to inherit from the father ought to inherit from the son.

Qui dolo desieritpossidere pro possidente damnatur. One who has dispossessed himself by fraud is condemned (nonetheless) as possessor.

Qui dolo male desierit possidere pro possessore damnatur. One who has fraudulently ceased to possess is condemned as if he were the possessor. 

Qui dolo possess it pro possidente, (ei)pro possessione dolus eat. One who has taken possession by fraud, in place of the possessor, has fraud in place of possession.

Quidquid ab initio vitiosus eat, non potest tractu femporis convalescere. Whatever is invalid from the outset cannot become valid by the passage of time.

Quid quid a multis peccatur inultum est. The crime that is committed by a multitude passes unpunished.

Quid quid enim sive dolo et culpa venditoris accidit in eo venditorsecurus eat. For concerning anything that occurs without deceit and guilt on the part of the vendor, the vendor is secure.

Quidquid est in ternitonio, est etiam de ternitonio. Whatever is in the territory is indeed of the territory.

Quidquid iudiciiplacuit, habet legis vigorem. Whatever the judgment decides has the force of law.

Quid sit jus, et in quo consistit injuria, legis eat definire. What constitutes right, and wherein lies the injury, it is the function of the law to declare.

Quid tibifleri non vis, alteni nefecenis. Do not to another what you would not wish done to you.

Quid turpi ex causa promissum eat non valet. A promise arising from a wrongful cause is invalid.

Quieta non movere. Not to disturb what is settled.

Qui evertit causam evertit causatumfuturum. One who overthrows the cause overthrows its future effects.

Qui excessit ex ephebis est persona. One who has left youth (is no longer a minor) becomes legally a person.

Qui excusat, accusat. He who excuses, accuses.

Qui ex damnato coitu nascuntur, inter liberos non cornputentur. They who are born of an illicit union should not be counted among children.

Qui exparte testamenti aliquid donatum accipit universo testamento stabit. He who takes anything by a part of a testament will stand by the whole testament.

Qui extra causam divagatur calumniando, punitur. Whoever strays from the case indulging in slander is punished (for it).

Quifacit id quod plus est,facit Id quod minus est, sed non convert itur. A person who does that which is more does that which is less, but not vice versa.

Quifacit per aliumfacit per se. A person who acts through another acts himself. • The acts of an agent are considered the acts of the principal.

Qui ha bet jurisdictionem absolvendi, ha bet jurisdictionein ligandi. One who has jurisdiction for dissolving (an obligation) has jurisdiction to bind.

Qui haeret in litera, haeret in cortice. One who clings to the letter clings to the shell (or surface).

Qui ignorat quantum solvere debeat, non pot est impro bus videri. A person who does not know wiat he ought to pay cannot be regarded as dishonest. • Also in reverse orders Non potest impro bus videri qui ignorat quantum solvere debeat. 

Qui in alterius locum succedunt, iustam habent causam ignorantiae an Id quod peteretur deberetur. fideiussores quo que non minus quam heredes iustam ignorantiam possuntallegare. Those who succeed to someone else’s position have reasonable grounds for claiming ignorance as to whether what was claimed was owed. Guarantors, no less than heirs, can allege justifiable ignorance. 

Qui inertibus dat industrios nudat. He who gives to the indolent defrauds the industrious.

Qui injus dominIumve alterius succed it jure ejus uti debet. One who succeeds to another’s right or property ought to use that person’s right. • That is, the successor has the same rights and liabilities as attached to that property or interest in the hands of the assignor.

Qui inscienterpeccat, scienter emendet. One who offends unwittingly must make good knowingly.

Qui in utero est, pro jam nato habeturquoties tie ejus cornmodo quaeritur. A child in the womb is considered as born, whenever there is a question of benefit to the child.

Quijure suo utitur, neminifacit injuriam. A person who exercises his proper right harms no one. • This maxim is sometimes written Qui jure suo utitur neminem laedit (meaning “he who exercises his right injures no one”).

QuijussujudiCis aliquodfecerit non videtur dolo malofrcisse, quia parere necesse est. A person who has done anything by order of a judge is not considered to have acted fraud, because it is necessary to obey.

Qui libenter et saepe etparvula de re juramento se obstr- ingitperjurioproximus est. He who willingly and often binds himself by oath, even concerning small details, very close to perjury.

Quiiibetpotest renunciarejurl pro se inducto. Anyone may renounce a right introduced for his own benefit.

Qul male agit odit lucem. A person who does wrong hates the light (of discovery).

Qul mandat ipsefecisse videtur. A person who commands (a thing to be done) is considered to have done it himself.

Qui melius probat, snelius ha bet. The party who gives better proof has the better (right). • Often rendered, he who proves more recovers more.

Qui molitur insidias in patriam idfacit quod insanus nauta perforans navem in qua vehitur. He who plots against his country acts like the insane sailor who bores hole in the ship that carries him. 3 Inst. 36.

Qui nascitur sine legitimo matrimonio, matrein sequitur. A child who is born out of lawful matrimony follows the condition of the mother.

Qui non cadunt in constantern virum, vani timores sunt aestimandi. Those fears are considered vain (or frivolous) that do not affect a man of stable character.

Qui non habet, ille non dat. Who has not gives not.

Qui non habet in aere, iuat in corpore, tie quispeccetur impune. Let him who has not (the wherewithal to pay) in money pay in his person (i.e., by corporal punisbment) lest anyone be wronged with impunity.

Qui non ha bet in aere, luet in corpore. What a man cannot pay with his purse, he must suffer in person.

Qui non habet in crumena luat in corpore. One who does not have (payment) in his purse should pay with his person.

Qui non habet potestatem alienandi habet necessitatem retinendi. A person who has not the power of alienating is obliged to retain.

Qui non improbat appro bat. A person who does not disap prove approves.

Qui non libere veritatem pronuntiatproditor est yentatis. He who does not freely declare the truth is a betrayer of the truth.

Qui non negatfatetur. A person who does not deny admits.

Qui non obstat quod obstarepotest, facere videtur. A person who does not prevent what he can prevent is consideredto act.

Qui non peceavit poenam non feret. He that has not transgressed must not suffer punishment.

Qui non potest donare non potest confiteni. He who is not able to give cannot confirm.

Qui non prohi bet cum prohibere possit, jubet. A person who does not forbid when he can forbid commands.

Qui non prohi bet quod prohiberepotest, assentire videtur. A person who does not forbid what he can forbid is considered to assent.

Qui non propulsat injuriam quando potest infert. A person who does not repel an injury when he can brings it on.

Qui non vetatcum debeatetpossitjUbet. One who does not forbid a thing, when he can and he should, orders it.

Qui obstruit aditum destruzt commodum. A person who obstructs an entrance destroys a conveniency.

Qui otnne dicit nihil excludit. A person who says all excludes nothing.

Qui ordine ulteniora admittitpraecedentia affirmat. One who admits what comes further in sequence affirms what precedes.

Qui parcit nocentibus innocentes punit. A person who spares the guilty punishes the innocent.

Quipeccat ebrius, luatsobnius. Let him who offends while drunk be punished when sober; one who offends when drunk must pay when sober. • The phrase is sometimes taken to mean that one who sins ignorantly must correct it knowingly.

Qui per aliumfacit per seipsumfacere videtur. A person who does anything through another is considered as doing it himself.

Quiperfraudem agxtfrustra agit. He who commits fraud, acts in vain.

Quipericulum aniat in eoperibit. He who loves danger will perish by it.

Quipotest et debet vetare, tacens jubet. A person who can and ought to forbid a thing (as much as) orders it, if he keeps silent.

Qui primum peccat illefacit rixam. Who first offends causes the quarrel.

Qui prior est tempore potior est jure. The person who is prior in time is stronger in right.

Quipriusjus suum insinuaveritpraeferetur. One who has recorded his right earlier shall be preferred.

Qui pro me aliquidfacit, mihifecisse videtur. A person who does something in my behalf is considered to have done it to me (for me). • “To do a service for a man is to do it to him.” 2 Co. Inst. 500.

Quiprovidetsibi, providet haeredibus. A person who provides for himself provides for his heirs.

Qui rationem in omnibus quaerunt rationem subvertunt. They who seek a reason for everything subvert reason.

Qui sciens solvit indebitum donandi consilio id videturfecisse. A person who knowingly pays what is not due is considered to have done it with the intention of making a gift.

Qui scit se decipi non decipitur. One who knows that he is being deceived is not deceived.

Qui semel actionem renunciaverit, amplius repetere non potest. A litigant who has once renounced his action cannot bring it any longer.

Qui semel malus, semper praesumitur esse malus in eodem genere. A person who is once bad is always presumed to be bad in the same kind of affair.

Qui sentitcommodum, sen tire debetet onus. A person who enjoys the benefit ought also to bear the burden.

Qui sentit commodum sentire debet et onus; et e contra. A person who enjoys the benefit ought also to bear the burden; and the contrary.

Qui sent it on us, sentire debet et commodum. A person who feels the burden ought also to feel the benefit.

Quis erit innocens, si clam vel palam accusare sufficiat? If mere accusation, secret or open, can convict, who will go free?

Qui serius solvit minus solvit. He who pays late pays less.

Qui sine dab mabo ad judicium provocat, non videtur moramfacere. One who demands judgment without fraud is not regarding as guilty of delay.

Quisquis est qui velit jurisconsultus haberi, cntinuet studium, velit a quocunque doceri. Whoever there is who wishes to be regarded as a jurisconsult (legal expert) should prolong his study and be willing to be taught by everyone.

Quisquispraesumitur bonus, etsemper in dubiis pro reo respondendum. Everyone is presumed to be good, and in doubtful cases, the decision must always be for the accused.

Quisquis suafacta scire et presumitur et debet. Everyone is presumed to know and ought to know his own cause.

Qui suspicionem peccati inducit, peccat. He offends who occasions the suspicion of an offense.

Qui suum recipit, licet a non debit ore, non tenetur restituere. He who receives his due, although not from his debtor, is not bound to restore.

Qui tacet consentire videtur. A party who is silent appears to consent.

Qui tacet consentire videtur ubi tractatur de ejus commodo. A party who is silent is considered as assenting, when his advantage is debated.

Qui tacet non utiquefatetur, sed tamen verum est eum non negare. A person who is silent does not indeed confess, but yet it is true that he does not deny.

Qui tardius solvit minus solvit. A person who pays too late pays less (than he ought).

Qui tempus praetermittit causam perdit. He who is dilatory loses his cause.

Qui timent, cavent et vitant. They who are afraid are wary and risk-averse.

Qui totum dicit nihil excipit. He who says all leaves nothing out.

Qui vi rapuit,fur improbior esse videtur. One who robs by violence is a more shameless thief. 

Quivis proesumitur bonus donec pro betur contrarium. Every man is presumed good until the contrary is proved.

Qui vult decipi, decipiatur. Let one who wishes to be deceived be deceived.

Quocumque modo velit; quocumque modo possit. In any way he wishes; in any way he can.

Quod ab initio non valet, (in) tractu temporis non convalescet. What is ill from the outset will not be cured by passage of time.

Quod adjus naturale attinet, omnes homines aequales sunt. All men are equal as far as natural law is concerned.

Quod aedificatur in area legata cedit legato. Whatever is built on land given by will passes with the gift of the land.

Quod alias bonum etjustum est, si per vim velfraudem pet atur, malum et injustum efficitur. What is otherwise good and just, if it is sought by force or fraud, becomes bad and unjust.

Quod alias non fuit licitum necessitas licitumfacit. Necessity makes lawful what otherwise was unlawful.

Quod app robo non reprobo. What I approve I do not disapprove.

Quod a quoque poenae nomine exactum est id eidem restituere nemo cogitur. What has been exacted from someone as a penalty no one is obliged to restore to him.

Quod attinet ad jus civile, servi pro nullis ha be ntur, non tamen etjure naturali, quia, quod ad jus naturale attinet, omnes homines aequali sunt. So far as the civil law is concerned, slaves are not reckoned as nonentities, but not so by natural law, for so far as regards natural law, all men are equal.

Quod civilejus non idem continuo gentium; quod autem gentium idem civile esse debet. The civil law is not necessarily the law of nations, but the law of nations ought to be civil law.

Quod conscientia vult, ubi lex deficit, aequitas coit. When the law is lacking, equity compels what conscience wishes.

Quod constat dare, non debet verificari. What is clearly agreed need not be proved.

Quod constat curiae, opere testium non indiget. What appears true to the court needs not the help of witnesses.

Quod contra juris rationem receptum est, non est producendum ad consequentias. What has been admitted against the reason of the law ought not to be drawn into precedents.

Quod contra legem fit, pro infecto habetur. What is done contrary to the law is considered as not done.

Quod contra rationem juris recepturn, non estproducendurn ad consequentias. That which is received against the reason of the law is not to be extended to its logical consequences.

Quodcumque est lucri commune. Whatever of profit (is found) is shared. • That is, a windfall is the common property of the finders.

Quodcunque aliquis cli tutelarn corporis suifecerit jure id fecisse videtur. Whatever one does indefense of his person, he is considered to have done legally.

Quod datum est cccl esiae, datum est Deo. What has been given to the church has been given to God.

Quod decet, non quod licet, laus est. To do what is proper, not what is permitted, is worthy of praise.

Quad demonstrandi causa additur rei satLc demonstratae, frustra fit. What is added for the sake of demonstration to a thing sufficiently demonstrated is done to no purpose.

Quod differtur non aufertur. That which is deferred is not relinquished (omittance is no quittance).

Quod dubitas, nefeceris. When in doubt, do not do it.

Quod enim nuflius est Id ratione naturali occupanti conceditur. For whatever belongs to no one, by natural reason becomes property of the first taker.

Quod enim semel aut bis existit, praetereunt legislatores. Legislators pass by that which happens but once or twice.

Quad est cx necessitate nun quam introducitur, nisi quando necessarium. What is introduced of necessity is never introduced except when necessary.

Quod est inconveniens aut contra rationem non permissum est in lege. What is unsuitable or contrary to reason is not allowed in law.

Quod est necessarium est liciturn. What is necessary is lawful.

Quad factum est, cum in obscuro sit, cx affectione cujusque cap it interpretationem. When what has been done is in doubt, it is interpreted according to each person’s attitude (originally referring to the interpreter, later to the actor)

Quodfato contingit cuivis diligentissimopossit contingere. What happens by fate (or accidents) may happen to even the most diligent. 

Quodfieri dcbetfacilepraesumitur. That which ought to be done is easily presumed.

Quad fieri delict infectum valet. What ought to take effect has validity even if it is not (properly) applied.

Quodfieri debuit pro facto censetur. What ought to have been done is reckoned as done.

Quad fieri non delict, factum valet. What ought not to be done, when done, is valid.

Quodfieri vetatur cx directo vetatur etiam ab obliquo. What is forbidden to be done directly is forbidden also indirectly.

Quodfraudefactum estin alias infectum esto, contrafraudatorem valet. What is done in fraud, although null and void against others, is valid against the defrauder.

Quad hodie exempUs tuemur, inter exempla erit. What today we respect as examples, will be found among precedents in future. Tacitus, Annales 11.24.11.

Quod inconsultofecirnus, consultius revocemus. What we have done without due consideration we should revoke with better consideration.

Quad initlo non valet, tractu temporis non valet. What is void in the beginning does not become valid by passage of time.

Quod initio vitiosum est non potest tractu temporis convalescere. What is defective in origin cannot be mended by passage of time.

Quod injure scripto jus appellatur, Id in lege Angliae recturn esse dicitur. What in the civil law (literally, written law) is called jus, in the law of England is said to be recturn (right).

Quad in majore non valet nec valet in minore. That which avails not in the greater avails not in the less.

Quod tn minori valet, valebit in majori; et quod in majori non valet, nec valebit in minori. What avails in the less will avail in the greater; and what does not avail in the greater will not avail in the less.

Quod in se malum ubicumquefacturnfuerit nullajurispositivi ratione valebit. That which is bad in itself wherever it is done cannot be valid by any reckoning of positive law.

Quad in uno similium valet, valebit in altero. What avails in one of two similar things will avail in the other.

Quad ipsis, qui contraxerunt, obstat, et successoribus eorum obstabit. That which bars those who have contracted will bar their successors also.

Quad juris in toto idern in parte. That which is law as regards the whole is also law as to the part.

Quodjussu alterius solvitur pro eo est quasi ipsi solutum esset. That which is paid at the bidding of another has the same effect as if it had been paid to that person himself. • The party who has a debt paid for him is in the same position as though the money were paid to him directly. Dig. 17.180.

Quad lege tuum est amplius esse tuum non potest. What is yours by law cannot be more yours.

Quad legis constructio non facit injuriam. That the construction of law worketh no injury. Co. Litt. 183a.

Quod meum est sine facto mea vel defectu meo amitti vel in alium transferri non potest. What is mine cannot be lost or transferred to another without my act or through my forfeiture.

Quad meum est, sine facto sive defectu meo amitti seu in aliurn transferri non potest. What is mine cannot be lost or transferred to another without my own act or default.

Quad meum est sine me auferri non pot est. What is mine cannot be taken away without me (i.e., my consent).

Quod minus est in obligationern videtur deductum. That which is the lesser is held to be imported into the contract.

Quod naturalis ratio inter omnes homines constituit, yecaturjus gentium. What natural reason has established among all men is called the law of nations.

Quod naturaliter inesse debetpraesurnitur. That is presumed which ought naturally to be present.

Quad necessarie intelligitur Id non deest. What is necessarily understood is not lacking.

Quod necessitas cogit, defendit. What necessity compels, it justifies.

Quod non apparet non est. That which does not appear does not exist. 2 Inst. 479.

Quod non apparet non est, et non apparet judicialiter ante judicium. What appears not does not exist, and nothing appears judicially before judgment.

Quod non cap it Christus, cap itfiscus. What Christ (or the church) does not take, the treasury takes.

Quod non ha bet principium non habetfinem. What has no beginning has no end.

Quod non legitur non creditur. What is not read is not believed.

Quod non valetinprincipali, in accessorioseu consequenti non valebit; et quod non valet in magis propin quo, mm valebit in magis remoto. What is not valid in the principal will not be valid in the accessory or consequence; and what has no effect in the nearer instance will be of no effect in the more remote.

Quod nostrum est, sine facto sive defectu nostro, amitti seu in alium transferri non potest. That which is ours cannot be lost or transferred to another without our own act, our own default.

Quod nullius essepotest, id utalicujusfieret nulla obligatio valet efficere. What can belong to no one no agreement (or obligation) can make property of anyone. Dig. 50.17.182.

Quod nullius est, est domini regis. That which belongs to nobody belongs to our lord the king.

Quod nullius est id ratione naturali occupanti conceditur. What belongs to no One, by natural reason becomes property of the first occupant. Dig. 41.1.3.

Quod nullo interno vitio labo rat et objecto impedimento cessat, remoto impedimenta per se emergit. That which, laboring under no internal fault, is overcome by obstacles, emerges of itself, the obstacle being removed.

Quod nullum est, nullumproducit effectum. That which is null produces no effect.

Quod omnes tangit, ab omnibus debetsupportari. What touches (or concerns) all ought to be supported by all.

Quod per me non possum, necperalium. What I cannot do in person, I also cannot do through the agency of another.

Quod per recordum pro batum non debet esse negatum. What is proved by the record ought not to be denied.

Quod populus postremum jussit, Id jus ratum esto. What the people have last enacted, let that be the established law.

Quod primum est intentione ultimum est in operatione. That which is first in intention is last in operation.

Quod principi placuit legis habet vigorem. What has pleased the prince (i.e., what the emperor has decided) has the force of law. 

Quodprincipiplacuit legis ha bet vigorem; utpote cum lege regia, quae de imperio ejus iota est, populus ei et in eum omne suum imp erium et potestatem conferat. A decision of the emperor has the force of law; for, by the royal law that has been made concerning his authority, the people have conferred on him all their sovereignty and power. Dig. 1.4.1.

Quodprius est venus est; et quod pnius est temporepotius estjure. What is prior is truer; and what comes earlier in time is stronger in right.

Quod privilegia quae re vera sunt in praejudicium reipublicae, magis tamen speciosa habentfrontispicia, et boni publici praetextum, quam bonae et legales concessiones, sed praetextu liciti non debet admitti illiciturn. There are privileges that are really detrimental to the state, but that have a more colorful appearance and show of public good than good and lawful concessions. But the unlawful should not be accepted as valid on the ground of a showing of legality.

Quod pro minore licitum est et pro majore licitum est. What is lawful in the lesser is also lawful in the greater.

Quod pure debeturpraesenti die debetur. That which is due unconditionally is due the same day.

Quodque dissoivitur codem modo quo ligatur. In the same manner that anything is bound, it is unbound.

Quod quis ex culpa sua damnun, sent it, non intelligitur damnum sentire. The damage that any person suffers by his own fault he is not considered to suffer as damage. Dig. 50. 17.203.

Quod quisquis nor, in hoc se exerceat. Let every one employ himself in what he knows.

Quod quis sciens indebitum dedit hoc mente, Ut postea repeteret, repetere non potest. What one has paid knowing that it is not owed, with the intention of reclaiming it afterwards, he cannot recover. Dig. 12.6.50.

Quod remedio destituitur ipsa re valet si cuipa absit. What is without a remedy is by that very fact valid if there is no fault.

Quod rex contra leges jubet pro injussu reputabitur. What the king orders contrary to the law shall be considered unauthorized.

Quod semel out bis exist it pro etereunt legzslatores. Legislators pass over what happens (only) once or twice.

Quod semel meum est amplius meum esse non potest. What is once mine cannot be any more completely mine.

Quod sernel piacuit in electione, amplius displicere non potest. That which in making his election a man has once decided, he cannot afterwards disavow.

Quad solo inaedificatur solo cedit. Whatever is built on the soil goes with the soil.

Quod statuendum est semel diu deliberandum est. Time must be taken for deliberation, when we have to determine once and for all.

Quod sub certaforma concessum vel reservatum est, non trahitur ad valorem vel compensationem. That which has been granted or reserved under a certain form is not to be drawn into valuation or compensation.

Quod subintelligitur non deest. What is understood is not lacking.

Quod tacite intelligitur deesse non videtur. What is tacitly understood does not appear to be lacking.

Quod talem eligifaciat qui melius et sciat et velit, etpossit officio illi intendere. That person should be chosen who best understands and is willing and able to perform the duty of the office. 1 BI. Corn. 336 (ch. 9.2).

Quad tibifieri non vis alteri non feceris. Do not do to another what you do not wish done to yourself.

Quod vanum et inutile est, lex non requinit. The law does not require what is vain and useless.

Quod vero contra rationern juris receptum est, non est producendum ad consequentias. But what has been admitted contrary to the reason of law ought not to be drawn into precedents.

Quad vero naturalis ratio inter omnes homines constituit, id apud omnesperaeque custoditur vocaturque iusgentiurn. But the law that natural reason has established among all persons. that law is observed uniformly among all, and is called the law of peoples.

Quo libe UI in celeberrimis locisproponuntur, huic neperire quidem tacite conceditur. When charges against a man are published in the most crowded places, this person is not allowed even to perish quietly. • That is, the criminal arraigned in public cannot be condemned in private. 

Quo ligatur, eo dissolvitur. As a thing is bound, so it is unbound.

Quo modo quid constituitur eodem modo dissolvitur. In whatever mode a thing is constituted, in the same manner it is dissolved.

Quorum praetextu nec auget nec mintuit sententiam, sed tantum confirmatpraemissa. “Quorum praetextu” neither increases nor diminishes the meaning, but only confirms what went before.

Quothomines, tot sententiae. There ar as many opinions as there are people.

Quotiens dubia interpretatio libertatis est, secundum libertatem respondendum erit. Whenever there is an interpretation doubtful as to liberty(or slavery), the decision must be in favor of liberty.

Quotiens idem sermo duassententias expritnit, eapoti.ssimum accipiatur quae rei gerendae aptior est. Whenever the same words express two meanings, that is to be taken most strongly which is the better fitted for carrying out the proposed end.

Quoties aequitatem desideril naturalis ratio aut dubitatio furls nioratur,fustis decretis res temperanda est. Whenever natural reason or doubt about the law delays an equitable request, the matter must be resolved by just decrees. Dig. 50.17.85.2.

Quoties dubia interpretatio libertatis est secundum libertatem respondendum erit. A doubtful interpretation of liberty must be answered in favor of liberty. Dig. 50.17.20.1

Quoties duplici jure defertur alicui successio, repudiato novojure, quod ante defertur supererit vet us. As often as a succession comes to a man by a double right, the new right is laid in abeyance, and the old right by which he first succeeds, survives.

Quoties in stipulationibus ambigua oratio est, commodissimum est id accipi quo res de quo agitur in tuto sit. Whenever in stipulations the expression is ambiguous, it is most proper to give it that interpretation by which the subject matter may be in safety.

Quoties in verbis nulla est ambiguitas, ibi nulla expositio contra verba expressafienda est. Whenever there is no ambiguity in the words, then no exposition contrary to the words is to be made.

Quoties lege aliquid unum vel alterum introductum est, bona occasio est caetera quae ten dunt ad eandem utilitatem vel interpretatione, vel certejurisdictione suppleri. Whenever some rule or other is introduced by law, it is a good opportunity for other (provisions) conducive to the same purpose to be supplied, either by interpretation or indeed by judicial decision.

Quo tutela red it eo haereditaspervenit, nisi cumfoeminae haeredes intercedunt. An inheritance comes in the way in which guardianship goes, unless female heirs intervene.

Quum de lucro duorum quaeratur, melior est conditio possidentis. When there is a question of gain (to one) of two parties, the condition of the possessor is the better.

Quum duae interse repugnantia reperianturin testarnento, ultima rata est. Where there are two repugnant clauses in a will, the last clause shall prevail.

Quum in testamento ambigue aid etiam perperam scrip- turn est, benigne interpretari et secundum id quod credible est cogitatum, credendum est. When in a will an ambiguous or even an erroneous expression occurs, it should be construed liberally and in accordance with what is thought the probable meaning (of the testator).

Quumprincipalis causa non consistit, ne ea quidem quae sequuntur locum ha bent. When the principal cause does not stand, neither do the accessories (or consequences) obtain.

R

Ratihabitio mandato aequiparatur. Ratification is equal to a command. • This maxim is sometimes written Ratihabitio mandato comparatur (meaning “ratification is equivalent to a command”).

Ratihabitio retrotrahitur et mandato aequiparatur. Ratification relates back and is equal to a command. Co. Litt. 180b.

Ratio estformalis causa consuetudinis. Reason is the source and formal cause of custom.

Ratio est legis anima, mutata legis ratione mutatur et lex. Reason is the soul of the law; when the reason of the law has been changed, the law is also changed.

Ratio est radius divini luminis. Reason is a ray of the divine light.

Ratio et auctoritas duo clarissim mundi lumina. Reason and authority are the two brightest lights in the world.

Ratio injure aequitas integra. Reason in law is perfect equity.

Ratio legis est anima legis; mutata legis ratione, mutatur et lex. The reason of the law is the soul of the law; the reason of law being changed, the law is also changed.

Ratione cessante, cessat ipsa lex. The reason ceasing, the law itself ceases. (That is, no law can survive the reasons on which it is founded.)

Ratio non clauditur loco. Reason is not confined to any place.

Ratio potest allegari deficiente lege, sed vera et legalis et non apparens. A reason can be adduced when the law is defective, but it must be a true and legal reason, and not specious (or apparent).

Raturn quis habere non potest, quod ipsius nornine non est gestum. One cannot hold ratified that which has not been done in his own name.

Receditur aplacitis jurispotius quam injuriae etdelicta maneant impunita. One departs from settled rules of law, rather than let crimes and wrongs remain unpunished.

Recipitur in modum recipientis. A thing is received in the way the recipient intends.

Recorda sunt vestigia vetustatis et veritatis. Records are vestiges of antiquity and truth.

Recuperatio est alicujus rei in causam alterius adductae per judicern acquisitio. Recovery is the acquisition, by sentence of the judge, of anything adduced in the cause of another.

Recurrendum est ad extraordinarium quando non valet ordinarium. We must have recourse to what is extraordinary when what is ordinary fails.

Reddenda singula singulis. Each must be put in each separate place. • That is, the several terms or items apply distributively, or each to its proper object.

Redditus caecus estsiccus. Rent that is blind (or uncertain) is dry (barren, or “rent seck”).

Regia dignitas est indivisibilis, et quaelibet alia derivativa dignitas estsimiliter indivisibilis. The kingly power is indivisible, just as every other derivative power is indivisible.

Regis curia et curia populi siveparliamentuni non exscripto, sed ex communi legesunt. Courts, whether of the king, or of the people, or parliament, are established not by written but by common, law. V

Regnandi causa malum coram non judice. A case of royal title (or challeige to it) is an evil without (a proper) court. (The courts represent the ruler himself and he cannot decide in his own case).